AbsoluteOrthodoxy. Return of the Relics of St. John Chrysostom and St. Gregory the Theologian to Constantinople. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRG_uZpsRj0.
Allen, William. “Hagia Sophia, Istanbul – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, August 8, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/hagia-sophia-istanbul/.
Art Institute of Chicago. “Ancient and Byzantine Mosaic Materials – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, December 20, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/ancient-and-byzantine-mosaic-materials/.
Artstor. “Baptistery - Healing of the Paralytic.” Artwork. Accessed July 5, 2021. https://library.artstor.org/public/SS7730479_7730479_10872490.
———. Foro Romano. Avanzi Della Basilica Di Constantino (Roman Forum. Remains of the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine). Photograph. Department of Art History, Visual Resources Library, Drew University (Madison, NJ, US). Accessed July 4, 2021. https://library.artstor.org/public/SS7732535_7732535_12977586.
———. “Santa Costanza.” Artwork. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://library.artstor.org/public/HSAHARA__1113_42276827.
Brooks, Sarah. “Art and Death in Medieval Byzantium | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 2000. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/dbyz/hd_dbyz.htm.
———. “Byzantium (ca. 330–1453) | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/byza/hd_byza.htm.
———. “Icons and Iconoclasm in Byzantium.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, 2009. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/icon/hd_icon.html.
———. “The Byzantine State under Justinian I (Justinian the Great) | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/just/hd_just.htm.
Brubaker, Leslie. Inventing Byzantine Iconoclasm. London: Bristol Classical Press, 2012.
Byzantium1200. Aerial Views of the City. Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFXiLbnQhgQ.
Cartwright, Mark. “Pilgrimage in the Byzantine Empire.” World History Encyclopedia, January 8, 2018. https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1166/pilgrimage-in-the-byzantine-empire/.
Eastern Roman History. Fragmentation of the Byzantine Empire by 1203. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-9TLh-Z0jjE&t=1s.
Evans, Helen C., and Brandie Ratliff, eds. Byzantium and Islam: Age of Transition, 7th-9th Century. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2012.
Farber, Allan. “Early Christian Art and Architecture after Constantine – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, August 8, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/early-christian-art-and-architecture-after-constantine/.
———. “Early Christianity, an Introduction – Smarthistory: Medieval Europe and Byzantium.” SmartHistory, August 8, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/early-christianity-an-introduction/.
———. “San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, August 8, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/san-vitale/.
———. “Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, August 8, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/sarcophagus-of-junius-bassus/.
Fein, Ariel. “The Cappella Palatina – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, May 21, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/cappella-palatina/.
———. “The Visual Culture of Norman Sicily – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, May 21, 2021. https://smarthistory.org/norman-sicily/.
Fowden, Garth. “‘O God, Bless the Amīr.’” In Qusayr ’Amra. University of California Press, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520236653.003.0004.
Freeman. “About the Chronological Periods of the Byzantine Empire – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, September 22, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/periods-of-the-byzantine-empire/.
Freeman, Evan. “Late Byzantine Naturalism: Hagia Sophia’s Deësis Mosaic – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, January 15, 2021. https://smarthistory.org/deesis-christ-with-the-virgin-mary-and-john-the-baptist-hagia-sophia-istanbul/.
———. “Picturing Salvation — Chora’s Brilliant Byzantine Mosaics and Frescoes – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, April 28, 2021. https://smarthistory.org/picturing-salvation/.
Harris, Beth, and Steven Zucker. “Plunder, War, and the Horses of San Marco – Smarthistory,” March 16, 2018. https://smarthistory.org/horses-san-marco-2/.
———. “Saint Mark’s Basilica, Venice – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, December 15, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/saint-marks-basilica-venice/.
———. “The Colossus of Constantine – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, December 9, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/the-colossus-of-constantine/.
———. “The Emperor Triumphant (Barberini Ivory) – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, October 1, 2016. https://smarthistory.org/barberini-ivory/.
———. “The Good Shepherd in Early Christianity – Smarthistory.” Smarthistory, July 29, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/the-good-shepherd-in-early-christianity/.
———. “The Symmachi Panel – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, April 20, 2019. https://smarthistory.org/symmachi-panel/.
James, Liz, ed. “Byzantium: A Very, Very Short Introduction.” In A Companion to Byzantium, 1st edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
———. Mosaics in the Medieval World: From Late Antiquity to the Fifteenth Century, 2017.
John, and Andrew Louth. Three treatises on the divine images, 2003.
Labatt, Annie. “Constantinople after 1261 | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, October 2004. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cnst/hd_cnst.htm.
Macaulay, Elizabeth, and Steven Zucker. “Hagia Sophia as a Mosque – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, December 15, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/hagia-sophia-as-a-mosque/.
Mathews, Thomas F. The Clash of Gods: A Reinterpretation of Early Christian Art ; Rev. a. Expanded Ed. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press, 2003.
McClanan, Anne. “Empress Theodora, Rhetoric, and Byzantine Primary Sources – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, July 8, 2021. https://smarthistory.org/theodora-rhetoric/.
———. “Middle Byzantine Secular Art – Smarthistory,” February 22, 2021. https://smarthistory.org/middle-byzantine-secular-art/.
Ousterhout, Robert G. “Byzantine Architecture and the Fourth Crusade – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, September 18, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/architecture-and-the-fourth-crusade/.
———. “Byzantine Architecture during Iconoclasm – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, September 18, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/architecture-during-iconoclasm/.
Philinthecircle. Early Christian Art History from Goodbye-Art Academy. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Odtoyhc6tEM&t=1s.
Procopius. Procopius. Translated by H. B. (Henry Bronson) Dewing. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press ; London : W. Heinemann, 1914. http://archive.org/details/procopius00proc_0.
World Monuments Fund. “Qusayr ’Amra.” Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.wmf.org/project/qusayr-amra.
Randall, Ian. “Archaeology: Statue of Roman Emperor Constantine the Great Reunited with Digit Missing for 500 Years.” Daily Mail Online, April 7, 2021. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9528815/Archaeology-Statue-Roman-emperor-Constantine-Great-reunited-digit-missing-500-years.html.
Reilly, Diane. “The Vienna Genesis – Smarthistory.” Smarthistory, April 18, 2017. https://smarthistory.org/the-vienna-genesis/.
Rodini, Elizabeth, and Steven Zucker. “Venice’s San Marco, a Mosaic of Spiritual Treasure – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, May 2, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/venice-san-marco-mosaic/.
Rose Publishing. The Icon Controversy - Christian History Made Easy. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46f-3rane14&t=3s.
Ross, Nancy. “Medieval Manuscripts, an Introduction – Smarthistory.” SmartHistory, August 8, 2015. https://smarthistory.org/medieval-manuscripts/.
Ryder, Edmund C. “Nudity and Classical Themes in Byzantine Art | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.” The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History, September 2008. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/nuby/hd_nuby.htm.
TED-Ed. The Rise and Fall of the Byzantine Empire - Leonora Neville. Accessed August 24, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Okph9wt8I0A&t=318s.
Trahoulia, Nicolette S. “Byzantine Art and the Fourth Crusade – Smarthistory,” June 8, 2020. https://smarthistory.org/byzantine-art-and-the-fourth-crusade/.
Travel And Discover. Quseir Amra - The Castle in the Desert
